By Michael Schmitt – Click here to download the published PDF version I.  Introduction In 2003, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in cooperation with the T.M.C. Asser Institute, launched a major research effort to explore the concept of “direct participation by civilians in hostilities” (DPH Project).[1] The goal was to provide greater … Continue reading The Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities: A Critical Analysis